Background Power management ICs (PMICs) and DC-DC converters serve as the 'energy hub' of electronic systems, responsible for power conversion, distribution, monitoring, and management. They deliver precise voltages to various loads, enable efficient charging, and enhance overall system performance.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is an analytical technique used to study the dynamic characteristics and interfacial phenomena of electrochemical systems by measuring their impedance response under AC excitation at different frequencies. In essence, it provides both a “fingerprint” and a “health check” for batteries.

Introduction: In renewable energy grid-connected systems, the grid-tied inverter serves as the critical interface between distributed energy sources and the public power grid. Its behavior not only affects power generation efficiency, but also directly impacts the safety and stability of the grid. As a result, international standards impose extremely stringent requirements on inverter grid adaptability, protection response speed, and power quality.

At present, the imbalance between global energy supply and demand has become increasingly pronounced, while mounting environmental protection pressures have created an urgent need to promote renewable energy generation and to strengthen power management. With the continuous expansion of renewable power generation, its impact on grid architecture, power quality, and operational stability has grown significantly.

In applications such as renewable energy, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and consumer electronics, battery efficiency is one of the key indicators used to evaluate battery performance.

With the widespread application of power electronic devices—especially IGBT modules—in fields such as new energy and industrial drives, the requirements for performance and reliability testing have become increasingly stringent. In particular, when simulating real-world operating conditions, it is often necessary to apply a bidirectional alternating current to the IGBT module to verify its conduction, cutoff, and current-handling capabilities.